Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade

R.H. Macy & Co. was opened as a dry goods store on Sixth Avenue in New York City in the year of 1858. At the time of it's grand opening, the building's location was very important. It was specifically placed at a great enough distance from other well known dry goods stores in the city, so as to increase it's sales and popularity. This was not only a clever business move, but it was also a ray of hope for locals who were seeking employment opportunities, as it created several new important positions for hire. Naturally, as the store grew over time, so that it offered more than dry goods, more and more positions were created that needed to be filled, which presented an even higher number of employment opportunities. Many of these people, or families, who worked for the department store, were first-generation immigrants to the United States. They were naturally to be proud of their new country and heritage that they were providing for the families by their relocation, and there is no denying that it was very important and noteworthy for so many foreign immigrants in New York during that time period to have such good permanent positions at a booming and rapidly expanding department store. They wanted to show their appreciation and celebration of thanks for their new country and employer, and they finally found a way in the 1920s, in the form of a parade, which has an extensive history in Europe.

Plans were drawn up, and what was known at the time as the first official Macy's Christmas Parade was marched in the late fall of 1924. Employees, musicians, entertainers in costumes,

and even animals from the Central Park Zoo walked along the route, which stretched from Harlem to the store on 34th Street. Once the crowd surrounded the storefront at the end of the route, a throne was set up on the Macy's balcony, and Santa Claus was officially introduced for the holiday season, and was crowned and titled the "King of the Kiddies." There was such a large turn out and favorable response for that first parade that Macy's Department Store officially announced that they hoped to make it an annual celebration.

Seeking to make improvements and small changes for viewer satisfaction, large balloons were added to the parade. Many balloons of different grades and sizes and themes have been added and many have been kept as a tradition of the parade over the years, such as Uncle

Sam, Superman, Kermit the Frog, Betty Boop, the Toy Soldier, Mickey Mouse, and many others. In earlier years, people were undecided as to what to do with many of the balloons after the parade was over. Were they to be kept and stored? And if so, where? In 1928, the big balloons were all released into the sky at the end of the parade, but they all burst, causing much chaos and confusion. The following year, they were specifically designed so that they would stay inflated for several days. They were then released at the end of the parade, with address labels sewn into them, so that when they deflated and fell to the ground, the person who found and returned them would receive a free holiday gift from Macy's. The first of these giant balloons that was introduced was

Felix the Cat in 1927, which was also the first year that the parade was broadcast on the radio. It was announced and broadcast every year on the radio up until 1951, as the number of household television sets began to increase, thereby bringing about a decrease in the total number of people who listened to extended radio broadcasts. The only years that the parade was neither broadcast on the radio or the television were from 1942 to 1944, when the parade was actually temporarily suspended due to the large percentage of rubber, and helium that was given to the military in the war effort. It's first official year of television broadcast by NBC was in 1948. This was largely due to popularity and interest that was sparked in movie-goers who did not live in or near New York and had been  to see the famous motion picture Miracle on 34th Street (1947) the previous year.

Floats are also added to the parade frequently, and there are many floats that are a sure tradition. The Tom Turkey float was first added in 1971, and has been seen every year since, along with floats like Sesame Street, and Marvel Comics. Santa Claus is also seen every year as the finale of the parade, and his appearance marks the official beginning of the Christmas season, just as it did 87 years ago.

There have been many different famous celebrities that have shared a part in the tradition of Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, such as Betty White, Willard Scott, Katie Couric, Ann Curry, Al Roker, and many more.

Over the years, despite the many different changes that have been made, Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade remains an annual holiday tradition that promises festive family fun for all who watch or attend.

The question is, will you be watching?

392 Years of Thanksgiving

Historical records tell us that Thanksgiving celebrations for the harvest and the end of the year first began in November of 1621--392 years ago. Obviously many things have changed during the passing of those many years, and that begs the question of how different our Thanksgiving feast is from the original celebration? What exactly was on the menu almost 400 years ago? Well, look no further, because we have the answers to that question right here at Think Classic.

One of the most important parts of the average family's Thanksgiving meal is a cooked turkey. And while it is

true that the turkey is native to North America, most historians do not believe that it was the main attraction at the first Thanksgiving. There are historical records and journals from some of the Pilgrims during those early days, who partook in that celebration, that tell of large hunting groups who went out before the meal to find poultry. More than likely they came back with more than one type of water fowl, such as ducks, or geese. These birds were plucked, and stuffed with things like herbs and nuts, and roasted over a fire. However, poultry was not the only source of protein on the menu. The same sources also tell us that there was a plentiful amount of deer that was brought to the feast as an offering from the Native Americans.

We must also remember that one of the main components of the colonists diet in this region was seafood. They often used different types of lobster, oysters, clams, and various kinds of fish in their cooking, and while these things could possibly have been a part of the first harvest feast, it is almost certain that there was a large quantity of mussels, which are abundant in that region and are easy to collect. One traditional way to serve mussels was with curds.

Naturally, as a celebration of gratitude for a plentiful harvest, there were many different types of fruits and vegetables that were available, and more than likely consumed by the attendees. Corn was definitely an

important part of the feast, as it was very plentiful. However, it was usually ground into a kind of meal or mush and served hot like porridge. It is very possible that there were some leafy vegetables served, such as cabbage or spinach. Carrots were also abundant, along with peas.

Absent from the table was any kind of potato. The Spanish discovered the potato during their time in the New World, and they did take it back to Europe with them, but it was not very popular or abundant, especially in the norther region of Plymouth at that time.

Perhaps everybody's favorite part of the meal is the very end, because of the traditional pies that are served. Whether you eat the traditional pumpkin pie, or apple, or any other kind. While the Pilgrims were definitely familiar with the concept of baking things like pies, they did not have two important things in those early days: some of the ingredients that would be necessary to make a pie crust, and any kind of oven to bake it in. But that does not mean that a sweet pumpkin dessert was not available. It is believed that the Pilgrims took pumpkins, cut them open and hollowed them out, stuffed them with milk, honey, and spices, and then buried them whole in a fire pit to bake.

Another sweet side that was not included was any kind of cranberry sauce. Cranberries are certainly just one kind of fruit that was available to them, and may have been included in the feast in some other way, but the colonists had low rations of sugar that would be necessary to cook or stew with the sour berries in order to create a sweet sauce or relish.

Things are bound to change over time, and there are always differences from one household to another. But it is very interesting to look back at the beginning of this great and meaningful day of Thanksgiving and see the similarities that we still share in some ways with our ancestors.

If you are interested in looking at or using Thanksgiving recipes that have been converted from or inspired by the dishes served at the first Thanksgiving, here is just one website to help you recreate traditions from almost four centuries ago:

Delish.com: Holiday History

The food is fabulous at Thanksgiving, there's no denying it. But this season, let us not forget that the people we share it with are even more important. Let us always be truly thankful.

"We can only be said to be alive in those moments when our hearts are conscious of our treasures."

-Thornton Wilder

"The Wavishing Kay Fwancis."

Think PINK post #2

Kay Francis

Born January 13, 1905

Died August 26, 1968

In the early days of the new year of 1905, Katharine Edwina Gibbs was born in Oklahoma City, OK to parents Joseph and Katharine. She was the couple's only child. Her father left the family by the time Kay was 4 years old. Her mother, known as "Katie," was a trained vocalist and actress in the theater. The mother-daughter pair lived on the road, traveling between cities. Most of the time, Kay was educated by her mother. Occasionally, they would stay in the city for a long enough stretch of time that her mother would enroll her in Catholic school. Between the ages of 15 and 17, she attended secretarial school in New York City. At the tender age of 17, she met and quickly wed a man by the name of James Dwight Francis. Their marriage did not last, and it was the first of several failed romantic relationships for Kay. It was from her first marriage that she took the surname that she would use throughout her career--Francis.

By 1925, Francis was working as a stage actress. She regularly commuted between Boston and New York, but eventually decided to settle in the latter and pursue a career on Broadway. Her big debut on the city's stage was a role in a modern version of Shakespeare's play Hamlet. She knew how to interact with the kind of people who could boost her career. Francis later said that her early parts were given to her because she "lied a lot, to the right people." This eventually got her a place in The Portmanteau Theatre Company, where she played a wide range of characters, and gained much experience. She did 2 Broadway plays in 1927, playing parts in Crime, and Venus. Her last appearance on the stage was in Elmer the Great (1928). For the play, she was working alongside Walter Huston, who told her she was good enough to make it in Hollywood. Because of this, Francis went for a screen test, which gave her a part in Gentlemen of the Press (1929), and also in The Cocoanuts (1929) alongside The Marx Brothers.

Although her parts in those first 2 films were not big, she still earned herself a contract with Paramount Pictures, which led to her relocation in California. Once established in Hollywood, everyone's eyes were on Francis. Aside from the fact that she was the tallest woman in Hollywood, standing just short of 6 ft, everyone knew that she had the potential to be the next big star. She made 21 films between 1929 and 1931

alone, many of which she starred in alongside William Powell. Some film critics were surprised that Francis managed to build a solid career so quickly, as she had to work around a speech impediment which she never fully recovered from. Since childhood, Francis had pronounced the letters "r" and "l" as a "w." In the midst of the monumental transition from silent films to talkies, when many actors and actresses who had speech impediments or unpleasant speaking voices were cut from the industry, it is somewhat surprising that Francis was not turned away. On the contrary, everyone fell in love with her, and most people thought her impediment was endearing, and she was affectionately given the title of "The Wavishing Kay Fwancis."

Although she was already doing well with Paramount Pictures, Warner Bros came to her with an offer that would launch her into ultimate stardom. Her last picture with Paramount was Trouble in Paradise (1932). She accepted the offer from Warner Bros, and her first pictures with the studio were George Cukor's Girls About Town, and Twenty-Four Hours later that same year. Within the next few years, Francis

became one of the highest paid women in Hollywood. She was known as the Queen of the Warner Bros lot from 1932 to 1936.

As time went on, Francis's relationship with the studio turned sour, as all of her parts were written to showcase her as a fashion icon during the Depression era, so as to appeal to female audiences. To her, the scripts became meaningless, and she had no desire to act in most of the films she was cast in, but she was bound by her contract. She began to openly feud with the studio, which eventually led to her getting demoted. Later on, Warner Bros released her from her contract. She had a brief taste of freedom, before she began to feel the anxiety over not being able to secure another contract with a studio at all. Fellow actress and good friend, Carole Lombard, gave her the push she needed to get back into acting when she made sure she was given a part in her upcoming film In Name Only (1939), alongside Cary Grant. Francis knew that she would be nothing more than a supporting character in the film, but she tactfully accepted, knowing that it was the best move for her career at the time. Her role in the film started a chain-like reaction which led to similar parts in other films. While none of these parts were starring roles, Francis used them to slowly rebuild her reputation. Her next leading role would not be until she was cast in King of the Underworld (1939) with Humphrey Bogart.

Like many of her fellow comrades in Hollywood, Francis focused much of her time during WWII on volunteer work. She did many tours of war-zones, which led to the book (and later film of the same name) Four Jills in a Jeep. With all of this going on, Francis was often in the public eye. While people commended her for her efforts, she was virtually unemployed. She was given the opportunity to do a 3 film deal with Poverty Row, which led to her last 3 films, Divorce (1945), Allotment Wives (1945), and Wife Wanted

(1946). She might have spent more time after that trying to find more film work, but Francis suffered from various health issues; that combined with an accident in 1948, led her to make the decision to end her career. She officially retired in 1948.

In 1966, Francis was diagnosed with breast cancer. She began to fight the disease and tried to take preventative measures, even undergoing a mastectomy, but her efforts proved futile. On a late summers day in August of 1968, Kay Francis died from complications with breast cancer. She was 63 years old.  Despite the fact that her overall career in Hollywood was short, Kay Francis was a beautiful actress who displayed her talent in no less than 68 motion pictures during the 17 years that she was active.

"I can't wait to be forgotten."

-Kay Francis

Kay Francis is the second star from classic films that is a part of our Think PINK campaign for Breast Cancer Awareness.

Click here to view the post from last week on Bette Davis.

Come back again next Thursday, October 24, for our last post on a famous actress who battled breast cancer.

Always hope for a cure, and remember to Think PINK!

"I'm so glad I live in a world where there are Octobers.."-L.M. Montgomery

Happy Fall, everyone!

Where we are located, the world is getting cooler each day, and tufts of vibrant autumn colors are visible among the trees. That being said, we are just feeling inspired to share something with you that might be able to help you get into the mood for fall whether the world outside your window is changing yet or not.

"There once was a man named Stingy Jack
Who thought he was quite a clever chap.
Pining for adventure one day,
Stingy Jack asked the devil to come play.
The devil agreed, and quick as a wink,
He whipped up two stools and a good, strong drink.
The devil had a plan that was better than gold--
For his drink, Jack would pay with his soul.
But Jack be nimble, and Jack be quick--
He soon thought up his own little trick.
When it came time for him to pay,
Stingy Jack did say,
'My fine fellow, does it not make sense
For us to do away with this pretense:
You know I be a poor young man,
And I always get by the best way I can.
I have no money to pay; forgive me this offence,
And as a favor, turn yourself into my sixpence.'
The devil thought, and quick as a wink,
All that was left was a coin and a drink.
Stingy Jack's face split into a wicked grin,
As he swallowed the final bit of his gin.
He took the coin and hurried away
To his home, where he put the coin away
With a cross, to keep the devil at bay.
All Hallows Eve comes but once a year,
And ten had passed when Stingy Jack died.
Up to heaven his soul did fly,
But he could not gain entrance, no matter how he tried.
He soon turned up at the gates of hell,
But the devil sent him off, wishing him well,
Giving him nothing but a glowing hot coal
To light whatever hole he would make his home.
So Stingy Jack's lonely soul still roams
Every All Hallows Eve."

The tale of Stingy Jack originated in Ireland, which, you may have guessed, is also where Jack O'lanterns come from. All Hallows Eve, now known as Halloween, was originally like a Celtic day of the dead. It was a time when people would mourn, fast, and pray over the souls of those who have passed on. The legend of Stingy Jack originated centuries ago in Ireland around the time of All Hallows Eve. Originally Scottish, Irish, and English people would carve turnips and potatoes and large beets, and place a light within. They would specifically carve frightening faces, or things like crosses into the vegetables, so as to scare off wandering spirits that did not make it into heaven, and keep them out of their homes--spirits like Stingy Jack's. It was a tradition which Irish emigrants brought with them to America, and has spread to other people over time. The pumpkin is a fruit that is native to America. Once the emigrants were established here, they discovered that the pumpkin worked much better for carving.

I don't know about you, but I kind of want to carve a pumpkin now...

A Very Vintage Christmas Eve

Merry Christmas!

Well, actually it is Christmas Eve and at this point in time it is officially less than 24 hours until Christmas Day.

I want to keep this post short and sweet, but I also just can't bring myself to do it without providing a little historical background.

A Visit from Saint Nicholas is considered to be one of the best known American poems in history, and is also recognized and well known by people from all around the world. It was first published in the early 1820s, and nobody is completely sure who it was written by. It appeared as an anonymous poem but later on was connected to Clement Clarke Moore, the son of the famous New York bishop, Benjamin Moore.

It became immensely popular very quickly after its original publication, and it has never lost its popularity. Even today, almost 200 years later, it is still traditional in families all around the world to read it on Christmas Eve night. So here it is now, in its entirety, for your enjoyment.

"Twas the night before Christmas, when all thro' the house

Not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse;

The stockings were hung by the chimney with care,

In hopes that St. Nicholas would soon be there;

The children were nestled all snug in their beds,

While visions of sugar plums danc'd in their heads,

And Mama in her kerchief, and I in my cap,

Had just settled our brains for a long winter's nap--

When out on the lawn there arose such a clatter,

I sprang from the bed to see what was the matter.

Away to the window I flew like a flash,

Tore open the shutters, and threw up the sash.

The moon on the breast of the new fallen snow,

Gave the luster of mid-day to the objects below;

When, what to my wondering eyes should appear,

But a miniature sleigh and eight tiny reindeer,

With a little old driver, so lively and quick,

I knew in a moment it must be St. Nick.

More rapid than eagles his coursers they came,

And he whistled, and shouted, and call'd them by name:

'Now! Dasher, now! Dancer, now! Prancer and Vixen!

On! Comet, on! Cupid, on! Donder and Blitzen;

To the top of the porch! To the top of the wall!

Now, dash away! Dash away! Dash away, all!'

As dry leaves before the wild hurricane fly,

When the meet with an obstacle, mount to the sky;

So up to the house-top the coursers, they flew,

With the sleigh full of toys--and St. Nicholas too:

And then in a twinkling, I heard on the roof

The prancing and pawing of each little hoof.

As I drew in my head, and was turning around,

Down the chimney St. Nicholas came with a bound:

He was dress'd all in fur, from his head to his foot,

And his clothes were all tarnish'd with ashes and soot;

A bundle of toys was flung on his back,

And he looked like a peddler just opening his pack:

His eyes--how they twinkled! His dimples: how merry,

His cheeks were like roses, his nose like a cherry;

His droll little mouth was drawn up like a bow,

And the beard of his chin was as white as the snow;

The stump of a pipe he held tight in his teeth,

And the smoke it encircled his head like a wreath.

He had a broad face, and a little round belly

That shook when he laugh'd, like a bowl full of jelly:

He was chubby and plump, a right jolly old elf,

And I laugh'd when I saw him in spite of myself;

A wink of his eye and a twist of his head

Soon gave me to know I had nothing to dread.

He spoke not a word, but went straight to his work,

And fill'd all the stockings; then turn'd with a jerk,

And laying his finger aside of his nose

And giving a nod, up the chimney he rose.

He sprung to his sleigh, to his team gave a whistle,

And away they all flew, like the down of a thistle:

But I heard him exclaim, ere he drove out of sight--

'Happy Christmas to all, and to all a good night!'"

"Children say that people are hung sometimes for speaking the truth."-Joan of Arc

Fall of '48 post #8

Joan of Arc

November 11, 1948

Starring Ingrid Bergman, Jose Ferrer, Francis L. Sullivan and J. Carrol Naish

Released on this day in 1948, the Victor Fleming film Joan of Arc tells the story of the life of famous 19 year old French heroine and now canonized saint. It begins with a scene in a cathedral,with a voice reading out the official proclamation for the canonization of Jeanne d'Arc, Maid of Orleans (Bergman). It then jumps into the story of her life, beginning at the time when she believed that God had called her into action through a holy vision, to drive the English out of the region, help escort Charles VII to his coronation, and help put a stop to the Hundred Years' War. Joan claimed to be around the age of 12 when she first saw three other saints in a divine vision.

By use of family connections, after previous failed attempts, Joan managed to come in contact with Charles VII, then nothing more than a Dauphin or royal prince. She told him of her plans and her visions and how she wished she could be of help to him, citing God as her leader and inspiration, and therefore turning the page of the war to a more religious setting. Charles was very interested in what she had to say and wished to let her proceed with her plans, as some of her predictions had already come to pass. He could not act too hastily, however, because if he should follow her lead and achieve coronation without having her religious background confirmed, then it could lead to disaster with the people saying he inherited his position from the devil. So, a background check, of sorts, was done and word was received saying that all evidence supported that Joan was a humble, honest, Christian young lady.

It is said that she had the idea and desire of her own to ride into battle as a knight, or any good man. But she did not have the means to make her own armor, so she depended on donations for all of her necessities. There are accounts that say that she then took the initiative to actually lead the armies into battles, and thanks to her holy visions, they achieved many great victories which simultaneously paved the road for the Dauphin to his coronation and changed the tide of the war. She was known for persevering despite the odds and showing great courage to those she worked with, which is why they viewed her as one of the last fragments of hope they had left. She approved of an aggressive approach at a time when they were afraid to approach the enemy, she captured a fort with the aid of only one other, and during one battle she was wounded in the neck by an arrow but soldiered on and returned to the front lines to lead the final charge. She eventually used her influence with Charles VII to take over the position of co-commander of the army. On March 23, 1430, just about a year after her participation in the first siege, Joan was captured after a battle with the English. At first she adamantly refused to surrender. 

She was put on trial for heresy, and although it was an unfair trial with the appointed bishop lacking judicial authority over her case, the trial was opened for political reasons without any adverse evidence, and Joan (who was illiterate) was forced to sign an official abjuration document without knowing what it was. Nonetheless, she was convicted of heresy and sentenced to death. She was burned at the stake on May 30, 1431 and her ashes were thrown into the Seine.

This 1948 adaptation of the story of the French heroine was one of the first extensive American productions of the entire story of her life, rise to fame, capture, and death. The film won the Academy Award for Best Costume Design in Color, and Best Cinematography in Color; it was nominated for Best Actress, and Best Supporting Actor. The film was fairly well received but audiences and the film studio were outraged to learn of Ingrid Bergman's affair with Roberto Rossellini shortly after it's release, and because of this, the film was edited or "butchered" before it was sent out for general release. Much of the content that was cut was feared to have been lost, and the film was not fully recovered in total and put back together for almost 50 years.

"Remember me as a man who loves Raintree County,but just happens to loathe most of the people in it."

Welcome to Think Classic and post #4 for Fall of '48!

Ross Lockridge, Jr.

Born April 25, 1914

Died March 6, 1948

Ross Franklin Lockridge, Jr. was born on the twenty-fifth of April, 1914.  History notes nothing exceptional about his upbringing until his college years. He attended Indiana University, and when he graduated in the year of 1935 it was with the highest average in the history of the university.

Lockridge dabbled in creative writing and desired to produce something noteworthy--something important. He finally finished his only novel, Raintree County, and it was published in 1948.

Unfortunately, even as his career as a successful writer was just beginning to blossom, Lockridge, who suffered from severe depression, committed suicide very shortly after Raintree County's publication. He was only 33 years old, and left behind his wife and 4 children.

Raintree County

1948 novel

by Ross Lockridge, Jr.

The novel revolves around a man by the name of John Shawnessy, who resides in (fictional) Raintree County, Indiana. The story is uniquely told through reminiscings, memories, flashbacks, and dreams of John, which take place over many years and give the reader a depiction of the growth of Raintree County through westward expansion,  the Civil War and it's impacts and consequences, abolitionism, and the Labor Movement. In the beginning of the story, John is very much involved with his old high school flame, Nell Gaither. Then, a breathtakingly beautiful southern belle by the name of Susanna Drake moves into the area. Susanna seduces John and they have an affair. At the end of the summer, Susanna goes back to the south, and John attempts to return to normal and pick up where he left off with Nell, who is hurt by his previous actions but is willing to make it work, until John learns that Susanna is pregnant. John decides that the only right and honorable thing to do is marry Susanna and provide support, so he leaves Nell to go south and start his life with Susanna.

Life is much more difficult in the south. John is an outspoken, northern abolitionist, so he has a hard time finding common ground with most of the wealthy plantation owners in the area. He also learns over time that his wife had an extremely troubled past, and not only that, but that Susanna herself is mad. She confesses to John that she lied about being pregnant just so that she could ensure they would end up together. Eventually they do have a child, however. They return north and live in Raintree County just before the Civil War breaks out. As time goes on, Susanna's mental illness worsens and she begins to imagine things, becoming delusional and paranoid. She eventually runs away with their son, Jimmy, believing that she will find a safer life for them if she returns to the south. John is heartbroken and determined to find them, but traveling is dangerous those days. He therefore enlists in the Army, hoping that he can at least learn what happened to them and where they are as he travels various southern routes. After a while he finds their son, Jimmy, but he is alone. He discovers that Susanna has been taken and placed in an insane asylum. While trying to take his son to safety, John is wounded, and it leads to his discharge from the Army, which enables him to go and find Susanna. When he does, he is horrified at the conditions of the asylum and he arranges to take her home with him.

Things do not return to normal, however. John does his best to establish a safe and normal life for his family again, but Susanna is never right after that. When the political atmosphere takes a turn as the Civil War comes to a close, John begins to contemplate running for office, but he does not know for sure what he should do. He consults Nell, who is still living in Raintree County, and she is completely supportive. Susanna sees them interact and she accepts the fact that John only married her because of circumstance, and that he will always truly love Nell, even if he won't admit it. So, wishing to give them a chance at a happy life together, Susanna goes to a swamp in the middle of the night and drowns herself. Jimmy follows her, and the town frantically searches for the two of them the next day. Eventually they find Susanna's body and they discover that Jimmy is safe--alone and scared in the night, he had found solid ground under a tree and fallen asleep.

Raintree County was warmly received, and highly praised by critics. It is, to this day, considered by many to be a great, historical American novel.

A film adaptation was produced by MGM, starring Montgomery Clift as John Shawnessy, Elizabeth Taylor as Susana Drake, and Eva Marie Saint as Nell Gaither.

The film was released in 1957--almost 10 years after the publication of the novel. It was a massive and costly production--the most expensive MGM production since Gone With the Wind (1936).